磁盘管理

磁盘信息

wmic 磁盘信息

wmic diskdrive get model,size,status
wmic diskdrive get model,size,interfacetype
wmic diskdrive list brief
wmic diskdrive list full
wmic logicaldisk get caption,volumename,size,freespace
wmic logicaldisk where "drivetype=3" get caption,size,freespace
wmic volume get driveletter,capacity,freespace,filesystem

fsutil 磁盘信息

fsutil volume diskfree C:         # 磁盘空间
fsutil volume list                # 列出卷
fsutil fsinfo volumeinfo C:       # 卷信息
fsutil fsinfo ntfsinfo C:         # NTFS 信息
fsutil fsinfo drives              # 列出驱动器
fsutil fsinfo drivetype C:        # 驱动器类型

PowerShell 磁盘信息

Get-PhysicalDisk                  # 物理磁盘
Get-Disk                          # 磁盘信息
Get-Volume                        # 卷信息
Get-Partition                     # 分区信息
Get-Volume | Format-Table DriveLetter, FileSystemLabel, SizeRemaining, Size
Get-PhysicalDisk | Select-Object FriendlyName, MediaType, Size

磁盘分区

diskpart - 磁盘分区工具

diskpart                          # 进入 diskpart

diskpart 命令：

list disk                         # 列出磁盘
list volume                       # 列出卷
list partition                    # 列出分区
select disk 0                     # 选择磁盘
select volume 1                   # 选择卷
select partition 1                # 选择分区
clean                             # 清除磁盘
create partition primary          # 创建主分区
create partition primary size=50000  # 创建指定大小分区
create partition extended         # 创建扩展分区
create partition logical          # 创建逻辑分区
create partition efi size=100     # 创建 EFI 分区
format fs=ntfs quick              # 快速格式化
format fs=ntfs label="Data" quick # 带卷标格式化
format fs=fat32 quick             # FAT32 格式化
active                            # 设置活动分区
assign                            # 自动分配盘符
assign letter=D                   # 指定盘符
remove letter=D                   # 删除盘符
delete partition                  # 删除分区
delete partition override         # 强制删除分区
extend                            # 扩展分区
extend size=10000                 # 扩展指定大小
shrink desired=10000              # 缩小分区
detail disk                       # 磁盘详情
detail volume                     # 卷详情
detail partition                  # 分区详情
exit                              # 退出

批处理分区脚本

echo list disk | diskpart
(echo select disk 0 & echo clean & echo create partition primary & echo format fs=ntfs quick & echo assign) | diskpart

PowerShell 分区管理

Get-Disk | Initialize-Disk -PartitionStyle GPT
New-Partition -DiskNumber 0 -Size 100GB -DriveLetter D
Format-Volume -DriveLetter D -FileSystem NTFS -NewFileSystemLabel "Data"
Resize-Partition -DiskNumber 0 -PartitionNumber 1 -Size 200GB
Remove-Partition -DiskNumber 0 -PartitionNumber 1

磁盘格式化

format - 格式化

format D: /fs:ntfs                # NTFS 格式化
format D: /fs:ntfs /q             # 快速格式化
format D: /fs:ntfs /v:Data        # 设置卷标
format D: /fs:fat32               # FAT32 格式化
format D: /fs:exfat               # exFAT 格式化
format D: /fs:ntfs /a:4096        # 指定簇大小
format D: /fs:ntfs /x             # 强制卸载

PowerShell 格式化

Format-Volume -DriveLetter D -FileSystem NTFS
Format-Volume -DriveLetter D -FileSystem NTFS -NewFileSystemLabel "Data"
Format-Volume -DriveLetter D -FileSystem NTFS -AllocationUnitSize 4096
Format-Volume -DriveLetter D -FileSystem FAT32
Format-Volume -DriveLetter D -FileSystem exFAT

磁盘检查

chkdsk - 磁盘检查

chkdsk C:                         # 检查磁盘
chkdsk C: /f                      # 修复错误
chkdsk C: /r                      # 检查坏扇区
chkdsk C: /x                      # 强制卸载卷
chkdsk C: /f /r                   # 完整检查修复
chkdsk C: /b                      # 重新评估坏簇
chkdsk C: /scan                   # 联机扫描
chkdsk C: /perf                   # 使用更多资源

fsutil 检查

fsutil dirty query C:             # 查询脏标志
fsutil dirty set C:               # 设置脏标志

磁盘清理

cleanmgr - 磁盘清理

cleanmgr                          # 打开磁盘清理
cleanmgr /sageset:1               # 设置清理选项
cleanmgr /sagerun:1               # 执行清理
cleanmgr /d C                     # 指定驱动器

手动清理

del /q /s C:\Windows\Temp\*
del /q /s %TEMP%\*
del /q /s C:\Windows\SoftwareDistribution\Download\*
dism /online /cleanup-image /startcomponentcleanup
dism /online /cleanup-image /startcomponentcleanup /resetbase

磁盘碎片整理

defrag - 碎片整理

defrag C:                         # 整理碎片
defrag C: /a                      # 分析
defrag C: /o                      # 优化
defrag C: /x                      # 合并碎片
defrag C: /u                      # 显示进度
defrag C: /v                      # 详细输出
defrag /c                         # 整理所有卷
defrag /c /h                      # 高优先级整理所有卷

PowerShell 碎片整理

Optimize-Volume -DriveLetter C -Defrag
Optimize-Volume -DriveLetter C -Analyze
Optimize-Volume -DriveLetter C -Trim
Optimize-Volume -DriveLetter C -SlabConsolidate

磁盘配额

fsutil 配额管理

fsutil quota query C:             # 查询配额
fsutil quota enforce C:           # 启用配额
fsutil quota disable C:           # 禁用配额
fsutil quota track C:             # 跟踪配额
fsutil quota modify C: 1000000000 2000000000 username

PowerShell 配额管理

Get-FsrmQuota
New-FsrmQuota -Path "C:\Users" -Size 10GB
Set-FsrmQuota -Path "C:\Users" -Size 20GB
Remove-FsrmQuota -Path "C:\Users"

VHD 虚拟磁盘

diskpart VHD 操作

create vdisk file="C:\disk.vhd" maximum=10000 type=expandable
create vdisk file="C:\disk.vhd" maximum=10000 type=fixed
select vdisk file="C:\disk.vhd"
attach vdisk
detach vdisk
compact vdisk
expand vdisk maximum=20000
merge vdisk depth=1

PowerShell VHD 操作

New-VHD -Path "C:\disk.vhd" -SizeBytes 10GB -Dynamic
New-VHD -Path "C:\disk.vhd" -SizeBytes 10GB -Fixed
Mount-VHD -Path "C:\disk.vhd"
Dismount-VHD -Path "C:\disk.vhd"
Optimize-VHD -Path "C:\disk.vhd"
Resize-VHD -Path "C:\disk.vhd" -SizeBytes 20GB
Get-VHD -Path "C:\disk.vhd"

存储空间

PowerShell 存储空间管理

Get-StoragePool
New-StoragePool -FriendlyName "Pool1" -StorageSubsystemFriendlyName "Windows Storage*" -PhysicalDisks (Get-PhysicalDisk)
New-VirtualDisk -StoragePoolFriendlyName "Pool1" -FriendlyName "VDisk1" -Size 100GB
Get-VirtualDisk
Remove-VirtualDisk -FriendlyName "VDisk1"

磁盘性能

wmic 性能监控

wmic diskdrive get status
wmic logicaldisk get caption,size,freespace

PowerShell 性能监控

Get-Counter '\PhysicalDisk(*)\Disk Reads/sec'
Get-Counter '\PhysicalDisk(*)\Disk Writes/sec'
Get-Counter '\PhysicalDisk(*)\Avg. Disk sec/Read'
Get-Counter '\PhysicalDisk(*)\Avg. Disk sec/Write'
Get-Counter '\PhysicalDisk(*)\% Disk Time'

typeperf 性能监控

typeperf "\PhysicalDisk(_Total)\Disk Reads/sec"
typeperf "\PhysicalDisk(_Total)\Disk Writes/sec"
typeperf "\PhysicalDisk(_Total)\% Disk Time"
typeperf "\PhysicalDisk(_Total)\Avg. Disk Queue Length"

磁盘健康

wmic 磁盘状态

wmic diskdrive get status
wmic diskdrive get model,status

PowerShell 磁盘健康

Get-PhysicalDisk | Select-Object FriendlyName, MediaType, HealthStatus, OperationalStatus
Get-StorageReliabilityCounter
Get-PhysicalDisk | Get-StorageReliabilityCounter | Select-Object DeviceId, Temperature, ReadErrorsTotal, WriteErrorsTotal

磁盘映射

subst - 虚拟驱动器

subst X: C:\Users\Documents       # 映射目录到驱动器
subst                             # 列出映射
subst X: /d                       # 删除映射

mountvol - 挂载卷

mountvol                          # 列出挂载点
mountvol C:\Mount \\?\Volume{guid}\
mountvol C:\Mount /d              # 删除挂载点

磁盘备份

wbadmin - Windows 备份

wbadmin start backup -backupTarget:D: -include:C: -allCritical -quiet
wbadmin start backup -backupTarget:\\server\share -include:C:,D: -quiet
wbadmin get versions              # 列出备份版本
wbadmin get status                # 查看备份状态
wbadmin start recovery -version:version -items:C: -itemtype:Volume
wbadmin delete backup -keepVersions:5

PowerShell 备份

Start-WBBackup -BackupTarget "D:"
Get-WBBackupSet
Start-WBRecovery -BackupSet (Get-WBBackupSet)[0]

磁盘加密

manage-bde - BitLocker

manage-bde -status                # 查看状态
manage-bde -on C:                 # 启用 BitLocker
manage-bde -off C:                # 禁用 BitLocker
manage-bde -pause C:              # 暂停加密
manage-bde -resume C:             # 恢复加密
manage-bde -protectors -add C: -password
manage-bde -protectors -add C: -recoverykey E:
manage-bde -protectors -get C:    # 获取保护器
manage-bde -unlock D: -recoverykey E:\key.bek
manage-bde -changepassword C:

PowerShell BitLocker

Enable-BitLocker -MountPoint "C:" -EncryptionMethod XtsAes256
Enable-BitLocker -MountPoint "C:" -UsedSpaceOnly -RecoveryPasswordProtector
Disable-BitLocker -MountPoint "C:"
Suspend-BitLocker -MountPoint "C:"
Resume-BitLocker -MountPoint "C:"
Get-BitLockerVolume
Backup-BitLockerKeyProtector -MountPoint "C:" -KeyProtectorId "ID"

下一步学习

• 基础命令 - 巩固基础命令
• 文件管理 - 掌握文件操作
• 系统管理 - 学习系统管理